引言：健康危机
[1] Imamura，F.，The Lancet Global Health（2015）；3（3）：e132 DOI：10.1016/S2214-109X（14）70381-X.Dietary quality among men and women in 187countries in 1990 and 2010：a systematic assessment.
[2] Pietiläinen，K.H.，Int J Obes（Mar 2012）；36（3）：456–64.Does dieting make you fat？A twin study.
[3] Ochner，C.N.，Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol（11 Feb 2015）；pii：S2213-8587（15）00009-1.doi：10.1016/S2213-8587（15）00009-1.Treating obesity seriously：when recommendations for lifestyle change confront biological adaptations.
[4] Goldacre，B.，Bad Science（Fourth Estate，2008）；www.quackwatch.com/04ConsumerEducation/nutritionist.html
第一章 标签上没有的成分：微生物
[5] Fernández，L.，Pharmacol Res（Mar 2013）；69（1）：1–10.The human milk microbiota：origin and potential roles in health and disease.
[6] Aagaard，K.，Sci Transl Med（21 May 2014）；6（237）：237ra65.The placenta harbors a unique microbiome.
[7] Funkhouser，L.J.，PLoS Biol（2013）；11（8）：e1001631.Mom knows best：the universality of maternal microbial transmission.
[8] Koren，O.，Cell（3 Aug 2012）；150（3）：470–80.Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy.
[9] Hansen，C.H.，Gut Microbes（May–Jun 2013）；4（3）：241–5.Customizing laboratory mice by modifying gut microbiota and host immunity in an early‘window of opportunity’.
[10] http：//www.britishgut.org and http：//www.americangut.org
[11] Afshinnekoo，E.，CELS（2015）；http：//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2015.01.0012015.Geospatial resolution of human and bacterial diversity with city-scale metagenomics.
第二章 能量与热量
[12] Kavanagh，K.，Obesity（Jul 2007）；15（7）：1675–84.Trans fat diet induces abdominal obesity and changes in insulin sensitivity in monkeys.
[13] Novotny，J.A.，American Journal of Clinical Nutrition（1 Aug 2012）；96（2）：296–301.Discrepancy between the Atwater Factor predicted and empirically measured energy values of almonds in human diets.
[14] Bleich，S.N.，Am J Prev Med（6 Oct 2014）；pii：S07493797（14）00493-0.Calorie changes in chain restaurant menu items：implications for obesity and evaluations of menu labelling.
[15] Sun，L.，Physiol Behav（Feb 2015）；139：505–10.The impact of eating methods on eating rate and glycemic response in healthy adults.
[16] Sacks，F.M.，JAMA（17 Dec 2014）；312：2531–41.Effects of high vs low GI of dietary carbohydrate and insulin sensitivity：the OmniCarb RCT.
[17] Bouchard，C.，N Engl J Med（24 May 1990）；322（21）：1477–82.The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins.
[18] Samaras，K.，J Clin Endocrinol Metab（Mar 1997）；82（3）：781–5.Independent genetic factors determine the amount and distribution of fat in women after the menopause.
[19] Stubbe，J.H.，PLoS One（20 Dec 2006）；1：e22.Genetic influences on exercise participation in 37051 twin pairs from seven countries.
[20] Neel，J.V.，Am J Hum Genet（Dec 1962）；14：353–62.Diabetes mellitus：a‘thrifty’genotype rendered detrimental by‘progress’？
[21] Song，B.，J Math Biol（2007）54：27–43.Dynamics of starvation in humans.
[22] Speakman，J.R.，Int J Obes（Nov 2008）；32（11）：1611–17.Trifty genes for obesity：the‘drifty gene’hypothesis.
[23] Speakman，J.R.，Physiology（Mar 2014）；29（2）：88–98.If body fatness is under physiological regulation，then how come we have an obesity epidemic？
[24] Mustelin，L.，J Appl Physiol（1985）（Mar 2011）；110（3）：681–6.Associations between sports participation，cardiorespiratory f tness，and adiposity in young adult twins.
[25] Ogden，C.L.，JAMA（26 Feb 2014）；311（8）：806–14.Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States，2011–12.
[26] Rokholm，B.，Obes Rev（Dec 2010）；11（12）：835–46.The levelling off of the obesity epidemic since the year 1999–a review of evidence and perspectives.
[27] Lee，R.J.，J Clin Invest（3 Mar 2014）；124（3）：1393–405.Bitter and sweet taste receptors regulate human upper respiratory innate immunity.
[28] Negri，R.，J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr（May 2012）；54（5）：624–9.Taste perception and food choices.
[29] Keskitalo，K.，Am J Clin Nutr（Aug 2008）；88（2）：263–71.The Three-factor Eating Questionnaire，body mass index，and responses to sweet and salty fatty foods：a twin study of genetic and environmental associations.
[30] Fushan，A.A.，Curr Biol（11 Aug 2009）；19（15）：1288–9.Allelic polymorphism within the TAS1R3 promoter is associated with human taste sensitivity to sucrose.
[31] Mennella，J.A.，PLoS One（2014）；9（3）：e92201.Preferences for salty and sweet tastes are elevated and related to each other during childhood.
[32] Mosley，M.，Fast Exercise（Atria Books，2013）
[33] Stubbe，J.H.，PLoS One（20 Dec 2006）；1：e22.Genetic influences on exercise participation in 37，051 twin pairs from seven countries.
[34] den Hoed，M.，Am J Clin Nutr（Nov 2013）；98（5）：1317–25.Heritability of objectively assessed daily physical activity and sedentary behavior.
[35] Archer，E.，Mayo Clin Proc（Dec 2013）；88（12）：1368–77.Maternal inactivity：45-year trends in mothers’use of time.
[36] Gast，G-C.M.，Int J Obes（2007）；31：515–20.Intra-national variation in trends in overweight and leisure time physical activities in the Netherlands since 1980：stratif cation according to sex，age and urbanisation degree.
[37] Westerterp，K.R.，Int J Obes（Aug 2008）；32（8）：1256–63.Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals.
[38] Spector，T.D.，BMJ（5 May 1990）；300（6733）：1173–4.Trends in admissions for hip fracture in England and Wales，1968–85.
[39] Hall，K.D.，Lancet（27 Aug 2011）；378（9793）：826–37.Quantifcation of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight.
[40] Williams，P.T.，Int J Obes（Mar 2006）；30（3）：543–51.The effects of changing exercise levels on weight and age-related weight gain.
[41] Hall，K.D.，Lancet（27 Aug 2011）；378（9793）：826–37.Quantifcation of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight.
[42] Turner，J.E.，Am J Clin Nutr（Nov 2010）；92（5）：1009–16.Nonprescribed physical activity energy expenditure is maintained with structured exercise and implicates a compensatory increase in energy intake.
[43] Strasser，B.，Ann NY Acad Sci（Apr 2013）；1281：141–59.Physical activity in obesity and metabolic syndrome.
[44] Dombrowski，S.U.，BMJ（14 May 2014）；348：g2646.Long-term maintenance of weight loss with non-surgical interventions in obese adults：systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials.
[45] Ekelund，U.，Am J Clin Nutr（14 Jan 2015）.Activity and all-cause mortality across levels of overall and abdominal adiposity in European men and women：the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study.
[46] Hainer，V.，Diabetes Care（Nov 2009）；32 Suppl 2：S392.Fat or ft：what is more important？
[47] Fogelholm，M.，Obes Rev（Mar 2010）；11（3）：202–21.Physical activity，fitness and fatness：relations to mortality，morbidity and disease risk factors.
[48] Viloria，M.，Immunol Invest（2011）；40：640–56.Effect of moderate exercise on IgA levels and lymphocyte count in mouse intestine.
[49] Matsumoto，M.，Biosci，Biotechnol Biochem（2008）；72：572–6.Voluntary running exercise alters microbiota composition and increases n-butyrate concentration in the rat cecum.
[50] Hsu，Y.J.，J Strength Cond Res（20 Aug 2014）.Effect of intestinal microbiota on exercise performance in mice.
[51] Clarke，S.F.，Gut（Dec 2014）；63（12）：1913–20.Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity.
[52] Kubera，B.，Front Neuroenergetics（8 Mar 2012）；4：4.The brain’s supply and demand in obesity.
第三章 脂肪：总脂肪
[53] de Nijs，T.，Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci（Nov 2013）；50（6）：163–71.ApoB versus non-HDL-cholesterol：diagnosis and cardiovascular risk management.
[54] Kaur，N.，J Food Sci Technol（Oct 2014）；51（10）：2289–303.Essential fatty acids as functional components of foods，a review.
[55] Chowdhury，R.，Ann Intern Med（18 Mar 2014）；160（6）：398–406.Association of dietary，circulating，and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk：a systematic review and meta-analysis.
[56] Würtz，P.，Circulation（8 Jan 2015）.pii：114.013116.Metabolite profling and cardiovascular event risk：a prospective study of three populationbased cohorts.
[57] Albert，B.B.，Sci Rep（21 Jan 2015）；5：7928.doi：10.1038/srep07928.Fish oil supplements in New Zealand are highly oxidised and do not meet label content of n-3 PUFA.
[58] Ackman，R.G.，J Am Oil Chem Soc（1989）；66：1162–64.EPA and DHA contents of encapsulated f sh oil products.
[59] Opperman，M.，Cardiovasc J Afr（2011）；22：324–29.Analysis of omega-3 fatty acid content of South African fish oil supplements.
[60] Micha，R.，BMJ（2014）；348：g2272.Global，regional，and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010：a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys.
[61] Campbell，T.C.，Am J Cardiol（26 Nov 1998）；82（10B）：18T–21T.Diet，lifestyle，and the etiology of coronary artery disease：the Cornell China study.
[62] Campbell，T.C.，The China Study（BenBella Books，2006）
第四章 脂肪：饱和脂肪
[63] Law，M.，BMJ（1999）；318：1471–80.Why heart disease mortality is low in France：the time lag explanation.
[64] Bertrand，X.，J Appl Microbiol（Apr 2007）；102（4）：1052-9.Effect of cheese consumption on emergence of antimicrobial resistance in the intestinal microflora induced by a short course of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.
[65] https：//www.youtube.com/watch？v=134aMOQwyhY
[66] David，L.A.，Nature（23 Jan 2014）；505（7484）：559–63.
[67] Teicholz，N.，The Big Fat Surprise（Simon&Schuster，2014）
[68] Goldacre，B.，BMJ（2014）；349 doi：http：//dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g4745.Mass treatment with statins.
[69] Harborne，Z.，Open Heart（2015）；2：doi：10.1136/openhrt-2014-000196.Evidence from randomised controlled trials did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983：a systematic review and meta-analysis.
[70] Siri-Tarino，P.W.，Am J Clin Nutr（2010）；91：535–46.Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease.
[71] Hjerpsted，J.，Am J Clin Nutr（2011）；94：1479–84.Cheese intake in large amounts lowers LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with butter intake of equal fat content.
[72] Rice，B.H.，Curr Nutr Rep（15 Mar 2014）；3：130–38.Dairy and Cardiovascular Disease：A Review of Recent Observational Research.
[73] Tachmazidou，I.，Nature Commun（2013）；4：2872.A rare functional cardioprotective APOC3 variant has risen in frequency in distinct population isolates.
[74] Minger，D.，Death by Food Pyramid（Primal Blueprint，2013）
[75] Chen，M.，Am J Clin Nutr（Oct 2012）；96（4）：735–47.Effects of dairy intake on body weight and fat：a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
[76] Martinez-Gonzalez，M.，Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis（Nov 2014）；24（11）：1189–96.Yogurt consumption，weight change and risk of overweight/obesity：the SUN cohort.
[77] Jacques，P.，Am J Clin Nutr（May 2014）；99（5）：1229S–34S.Yogurt and weight management.
[78] Kano，H.，J Dairy Sci（2013）；96：3525–34.Oral administration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 suppresses inflammation by decreasing interleukin-6 responses in a murine model of atopic dermatitis.
[79] Daneman，N.，Lancet（12 Oct 2013）；382（9900）：1228–30 A probiotic trial：tipping the balance of evidence？
[80] Guo，Z.，Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis（2011）；21：844–50.Influence of consumption of probiotics on the plasma lipid profile：a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
[81] Jones，M.L.，Br J Nutr（May 2012）；107（10）：1505–13.Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a microencapsulated bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 yoghurt formulation in hypercholesterolaemic adults.
[82] Jones，M.L.，Eur J Clin Nutr（2012）；66：1234–41.Cholesterol lowering and inhibition of sterol absorption by Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242：a randomized controlled trial.
[83] Morelli，L.，Am J Clin Nutr（2014）；99（suppl）：1248S–50S.Yogurt，living cultures，and gut health.
[84] McNulty，N.P.，Sci Transl Med（26 Oct 2011）；3：106.The impact of a consortium of fermented milk strains on the gut microbiome of gnotobiotic mice and monozygotic twins.
[85] Goodrich，J.K.，Cell（6 Nov 2014）；159（4）：789–99.Human genetics shape the gut microbiome.
[86] Roederer，M.，The Genetic Architecture of the Human Immune System（Cell，2015）
[87] Saulnier，D.M.，Gut Microbes（Jan–Feb 2013）；4（1）：17–27.The intestinal microbiome，probiotics and prebiotics in neurogastroenterology.
[88] De Palma，G.，Gut Microbes（May–Jun 2014）；5（3）：439–45.The microbiota-gut-brain axis in functional gastrointestinal disorders.
[89] Sachdev，A.H.，Curr Gastroenterol Rep（Oct 2012）；14（5）：439–45.Antibiotics for irritable bowel syndrome.
[90] Idem n24.
[91] Tillisch，K.，Gastroenterology（Jun 2013）；144（7）：1394–401.Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity.
[92] Tillisch，K.，Gut Microbes（May–Jun 2014）；5（3）：404–10.The effects of gut microbiota on CNS function in humans.
第五章 脂肪：不饱和脂肪
[93] The rhyme could also relate to the unpopular taxes they raised，or even to an earlier dispute between King Richard and his brother John.
[94] Daniel，C.R.，Public Health Nutr（Apr 2011）；14（4）：575–83.Trends in meat consumption in the United States.
[95] http：//www.eblex.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/m_uk_yearbook13_Cattle110713.pdf
[96] Micha，R.，Lipids（Oct 2010）；45（10）：893–905.Saturated fat and cardiometabolic risk factors，coronary heart disease，stroke，and diabetes：a fresh look at the evidence.
[97] Siri-Tarino，P.W.，Am J Clin Nutr（2010）；91：535–46.Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease.
[98] Price，W.A.，Nutrition and Physical Degeneration，6th edn（La Mesa，Ca，Price-Pottenger Nutritional Foundation，2003）
[99] Willett，W.C.，Am J Clin Nutr（Jun 1995）；61（6 Suppl）：1402S–6S.Mediterranean diet pyramid：a cultural model for healthy eating.
[100] Estruch，R.，N Engl J Med（4 Apr 2013）；368（14）：1279–90.Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet.
[101] Salas-Salvadó，J.，Ann Intern Med（7 Jan 2014）；160（1）：1–10.Prevention of diabetes with Mediterranean diets：a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial.
[102] Guasch-Ferré，M.，BMC Med（2014）；12：78.Olive oil intake and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the PREDIMED Study.
[103] Konstantinidou，V.，FASEB J（Jul 2010）；24（7）：2546–57.In vivo nutrigenomic effects of virgin olive oil polyphenols within the frame of the Mediterranean diet：a randomized controlled trial.
[104] Lanter，B.B.，MBio（2014）；5（3）：e01206–14.Bacteria present in carotid arterial plaques are found as biofilm deposits which may contribute to enhanced risk of plaque rupture.
[105] Vallverdú-Queralt，A.，Food Chem（15 Dec 2013）；141（4）：3365–72.Bioactive compounds present in the Mediterranean sofrito.
第六章 反式脂肪
[106] https：//www.youtube.com/watch？v=zrv78nG9R04
[107] Lam，H.M.，Lancet（8 Jun 2013）；381（9882）：2044–53.Food supply and food safety issues in China.
[108] Mozaffarian，D.，N Engl J Med（2006）；354：1601–13.Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease.
[109] Kris-Etherton，P.M.，Lipids（Oct 2012）；47（10）：931–40.Trans fatty acid intakes and food sources in the U.S.population：NHANES 1999–2002.
[110] Tomas，L.H.，Am J Clin Nutr（1981）；34：877–86.Hydrogenated oils and fats：the presence of chemically-modified fatty acids in human adipose tissue.
[111] Iqbal，M.P.，Pak J Med Sci（Jan 2014）；30（1）：194–7.Trans fatty acids–a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
[112] Kishino，S.，Proc Natl Acad Sci（29 Oct 2013）；110（44）：17808–13.Polyunsaturated fatty acid saturation by gut lactic acid bacteria affecting host lipid composition.
[113] Pacifco，L.，World J Gastroenterol（21 Jul 2014）；20（27）：9055–71.Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the heart in children and adolescents.
[114] Mozaffarian，D.，N Engl J Med（3 Jun 2011）；364（25）：2392–404.Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men.
[115] http：//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2313276/Man-keepsMcDonalds-burger-14-years-looks-exactly-the-day-flipped-Utah.html
[116] Moss，M.，Salt，Sugar，Fat：How the Food Giants Hooked Us（WH Allen，2013）
[117] Johnson，P.M.，Nat Neurosci（May 2010）；13（5）：635–41.Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats.
[118] Avena，N.M.，Methods Mol Biol（2012）；829：351–65.Animal models of sugar and fat bingeing：relationship to food addiction and increased body weight.
[119] Taylor，V.H.，CMAJ（9 Mar 2010）；182（4）：327–8.The obesity epidemic：the role of addiction.
[120] Bayol，S.A.，Br J Nutr（Oct 2007）；98（4）：843–51.A maternal‘junk food’diet in pregnancy and lactation promotes an exacerbated taste for‘junk food’and a greater propensity for obesity in rat offspring.
[121] David，L.A.，Nature（23 Jan 2014）；505（7484）：559–61.Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome.
[122] Poutahidis，T.，PLoS One（Jul 2013）；10；8（7）：e68596.Microbial reprogramming inhibits Western diet-associated obesity.
[123] Martinez-Medina，M.，Gut（Jan 2014）；63（1）：116–24.Western diet induces dysbiosis with increased E coli in CEABAC10 mice，alters host barrier function favouring AIEC colonisation.
[124] Huh，J.Y.，Mol Cells（May 2014）；37（5）：365–71.Crosstalk between adipocytes and immune cells in adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in obesity.
[125] Wang，J.，ISME J（2015）9：1–15；Modulation of gut microbiota during probiotic-mediated attenuation of metabolic syndrome in high-fat-diet-fed mice.
[126] Cox，A.J.，Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol（Jul 2014）；21.pii：S2213–8587.Obesity，inflammation，and the gut microbiota.
[127] Mraz，M.，J Endocrinol（8 Jul 2014）；pii：JOE-14-0283.The role of adipose tissue immune cells in obesity and low-grade inflammation.
[128] Kong，L.C.，PLoS One（Oct 2014）；20；9（10）：e109434.Dietary patterns differently associate with inflammation and gut microbiota in overweight and obese subjects.
[129] Ridaura，V.K.，Science（6 Sep 2013）；341（6150）：1241214.Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice.
[130] Goodrich，J.K.，Cell（Nov 2014）；159（4）：789–99.Human genetics shape the gut microbiome.
[131] Fei，N.，ISME J（2013）；7：880–4.An opportunistic pathogen isolated from the gut of an obese human causes obesity in germ-free mice.
[132] Backhed，F.，Proc Natl Acad Sci USA（2004）；101：15718–15723.The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage.
[133] Backhed，F.，Proc Natl Acad Sci USA（2007）；104：979–84.Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice.
[134] http：//www.youtube.com/watch？v=gzL0fRkqjK8
[135] Xiao，S.，FEMS Microbiol Ecol（Feb 2014）；87（2）：357–67.A gut microbiota-targeted dietary intervention for amelioration of chronic inflammation underlying metabolic syndrome.
[136] Zhou，H.，Dongjin Dynasty（Tianjin Science&Technology Press，2000）
[137] Zhang，X.，PLoS One（2012）；7（8）：e42529.Structural changes of gut microbiota during berberine-mediated prevention of obesity and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed rats.
[138] http：//www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1035
[139] Alcock，J.，Bioessays（8 Aug 2014）；doi：10.1002/bies.201400071.Is eating behavior manipulated by the gastrointestinal microbiota？Evolutionary pressures and potential mechanisms.
[140] Vijay-Kumar，M.，Science（9 Apr 2010）；328（5975）：228–31.Metabolic syndrome and altered gut microbiota in mice lacking Toll-like receptor 5.
[141] Shin，S.C.，Science（2011）；334（6056）：670–4.Drosophila microbiome modulates host developmental and metabolic homeostasis via insulin signalling.
[142] Tremaroli，V.，Nature（13 Sep 2012）；489（7415）：242–9.Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism.
第七章 蛋白质：动物蛋白
[143] Diamond，J.，Guns，Germs and Steel（Norton，1997）
[144] Atkins，R.，The Diet Revolution（Bantam Books，1981）
[145] Bueno，N.B.，Br J Nutr（Oct 2013）；110（7）：1178–87.Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v.low-fat diet for long-term weight loss：a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
[146] Paoli，A.，Int J Environ Res Public Health（19 Feb 2014）；11（2）：2092–107.Ketogenic diet for obesity：friend or foe？
[147] Douketis，J.D.，Int J Obes（2005）；29（10）：1153–67.Systematic review of long-term weight loss studies in obese adults：clinical signifcance andapplicability to clinical practice.
[148] Ebbeling，C.B.，JAMA（27 Jun 2012）；307（24）：2627–34.Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance.
[149] Ibid.
[150] Ellenbroek，J.H.，Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab（1 Mar 2014）；306（5）：E552-8.Long-term ketogenic diet causes glucose intolerance and reduced beta and alpha cell mass but no weight loss in mice.
[151] Cotillard，A.，Nature（29 Aug 2013）；500（7464）：585–8.Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness.
[152] Le Chatelier，E.，Nature（29 Aug 2013）；500（7464）：541–6.Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers.
[153] Qin，J.，Nature（4 Oct 2012）；490（7418）：55–60.A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes.
[154] Fraser，G.E.，Arch Intern Med（2001）；161：1645–52.Ten years of life：is it a matter of choice？
[155] Le，L.T.，Nutrients（27 May 2014）；6（6）：2131–47.Beyond meatless，the health eff ects of vegan diets：findings from the Adventist cohorts.
[156] Boomsma，D.I.，Twin Res（Jun 1999）；2（2）：115–25.A religious upbringing reduces the influence of genetic factors on disinhibition：evidence for interaction between genotype and environment on personality.
[157] Key，T.J.，Am J Clin Nutr（2009）；89；1613S–19S.Mortality in British vegetarians：results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition（EPIC Oxford）.
[158] Key，T.J.，Am J Clin Nutr（Jun 2014）；100（Supplement 1）：378S–85S.Cancer in British vegetarians.
[159] http：//crossftanaerobicinc.com/paleo-nutrition/list-of-foods/
[160] Hidalgo，G.，Am J Hum Biol（10 Sep 2014）；26（5）：710–12.The nutrition transition in the Venezuelan Amazonia：increased overweight and obesity with transculturation.
[161] Schnorr，S.L.，Nat Commun（15 Apr 2014）；5：3654.doi：10.1038/ncomms4654.Gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers.
[162] Dominguez-Bello，G.，Personal communication.
[163] Pan，A.，Arch Intern Med（9 Apr 2012）；172（7）：555–63.Red meat consumption and mortality：results from 2 prospective cohort studies.
[164] Rohrmann，S.，BMC Med（7 Mar 2013）；11：63.doi：10.1186/1741-7015-11-6.Meat consumption and mortality–results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.
[165] Lee，J.E.，Am J Clin Nutr（Oct 2013）；98（4）：1032–41.Meat intake and cause-specific mortality：a pooled analysis of Asian prospective cohort studies.
[166] Tang，W.W.，N Engl J Med（25 Apr 2013）；368（17）：1575–84.Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
[167] Brown，J.M.，Curr Opin Lipidol（Feb 2014）；25（1）：48–53.Metaorganismal nutrient metabolism as a basis of cardiovascular disease.
[168] Kotwal，S.，Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes（2012）；5：808–18.Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes：systematic review and meta-analysis.
[169] Mozaffarian，D.，JAMA（2006）；296（15）：1885–99.Fish intake，contaminants，and human health：evaluating the risks and the benefits.
[170] Lajous，M.，Am J Epidemiol（1 Aug 2013）；178（3）：382–91.Changes in fsh consumption in midlife and the risk of coronary heart disease in men and women.
[171] http：//www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2530164/Too-good-true-Dietdrink-acts-like-gastric-band-help-people-lose-stone-claim-scientists.html
[172] Karimian，J.，J Res Med Sci（Oct 2011）；16（10）：1347–53.Supplement consumption in bodybuilder athletes.
[173] O’Dea，K.，Diabetes（1984）；33：596–603.Marked improvement in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic Australian Aborigines after temporary reversion to traditional lifestyle.
[174] http：//www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/may/12/type-2-diabetesdiet-cure
[175] Look AHEAD Research Group，N Engl J Med（2013）；369：145–54.Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in Type 2 diabetes.
[176] Franco，M.，BMJ（9 Apr 2013）；346：f1515.Population-wide weight loss and regain in relation to diabetes burden and cardiovascular mortality in Cuba 1980–2010.
[177] Mann，G.V.，J Atheroscler Res（Jul–Aug 1964）；4：289–312.Cardiovascular disease in the Masai.
第八章 蛋白质：非动物蛋白
[178] Frankenfeld，C.L.，Am J Clin Nutr（May 2011）；93（5）：1109–16.Dairy consumption is a significant correlate of urinary equol concentration in a representative sample of US adults.
[179] Fritz，H.，PLoS One（28 Nov 2013）；8（11）：e81968.Soy，red clover and isoflavones，and breast cancer：a systematic review.
[180] Lampe，J.W.，J Nutr（Jul 2010）；140（7）：1369S–72S.Emerging research on equol and cancer.
[181] Soni，M.，Maturitas（Mar 2014）；77（3）：209–20.Phytoestrogens and cognitive function：a review.
[182] Spector，T.D.，Lancet（1982）.Coffee，soya and cancer of the pancreas（letter）.
[183] Tsuchihashi，R.，J Nat Med（Oct 2008）；62（4）：456–60.Microbial metabolism of soy isoflavones by human intestinal bacterial strains.
[184] Renouf，M.，J Nutr（Jun 2011）；141（6）：1120–6.Bacteroides uniformis is a putative bacterial species associated with the degradation of the isoflavone genistein in human feces.
[185] Pudenz，M.，Nutrients（15 Oct 2014）；6（10）：4218–72.Impact of soy isoflavones on the epigenome in cancer prevention.
[186] Hehemann，J.H.，Nature（8 Apr 2010）；464（7290）：908–12.Transfer of carbohydrate-active enzymes from marine bacteria to Japanese gut microbiota.
[187] Crisp，A.，Genome Biol（13 Mar 2015）；16（1）：50.Expression of multiple horizontally acquired genes is a hallmark of both vertebrate and invertebrate genomes.
[188] Cantarel，B.L.，PLoS One（2012）；7（6）：e28742.Complex carbohydrate utilization by the healthy human microbiome.
[189] Georg，J.M.，Obes Rev（Feb 2013）；14（2）：129–44.Review：efficacy of alginate supplementation in relation to appetite regulation and metabolic risk factors：evidence from animal and human studies.
[190] Brown，E.S.，Nutr Rev（Mar 2014）；72（3）：205–16.Seaweed and human health.
[191] Hehemann，J.H.，Proc Natl Acad Sci（27 Nov 2012）；109（48）：19786–91.Bacteria of the human gut microbiome catabolize red seaweed glycans with carbohydrate-active enzyme updates from extrinsic microbes.
[192] Pirotta，M.，BMJ（4 Sep 2004）；329（7465）：548.Effect of lactobacillus in preventing post-antibiotic vulvovaginal candidiasis：a randomised controlled trial.
[193] Dey，B.，Curr HIV Res（Oct 2013）；11（7）：576–94.Protein-based HIV-1 microbicides.
[194] Wang，J.，J Nutr（Jan 2014）；144（1）：98–105.Dietary supplementation with white button mushrooms augments the protective immune response to Salmonella vaccine in mice.
[195] Varshney，J.，J Nutr（Apr 2013）；143（4）：526–32.White button mushrooms increase microbial diversity and accelerate the resolution of Citrobacter rodentium infection in mice.
第九章 蛋白质：乳制品
[196] Campbell，T.C.，Am J Cardiol（26 Nov 1998）；82（10B）：18T–21T.Diet，lifestyle，and the etiology of coronary artery disease：the Cornell China Study.
[197] Minger，D.，Dairy consumption in rural China；http：//rawfoodsos.com/2010/07/07/the-china-study-fact-or-fallac/
[198] Madani，S.，Nutrition（May 2000）；16（5）：368–75.Dietary protein level and origin（casein and highly purif ed soybean protein）affect hepatic storage，plasma lipid transport，and antioxidative defense status in the rat.
[199] Brüssow，H.，Environ Microbiol（Aug 2013）；15（8）：2154–61.Nutrition，population growth and disease：a short history of lactose.
[200] Savaiano，D.A.，Am J Clin Nutr（May 2014）；99（5 Suppl）：1251S–5S.Lactose digestion from yogurt：mechanism and relevance.
[201] Tishkoff，S.A.，Nat Genet（2007）；39：31–40.Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe.
[202] Spector，T.，Identically Different（Weidenfeld&Nicolson，2012）
[203] Quigley，L.，FEMS Microbiol Rev（Sep 2013）；37（5）：664–98.The complex microbiota of raw milk.
[204] Bailey，R.K.，J Natl Med Assoc（Summer 2013）；105（2）：112–27.Lactose intolerance and health disparities among African Americans and Hispanic Americans：an updated consensus statement.
[205] Suchy，F.J.，NIH Consensus State Sci Statements（24 Feb 2010）；27（2）：1–27.NIH consensus development conference statement：Lactose intolerance and health.
[206] Petschow，B.，Ann NY Acad Sci（Dec 2013）；1306：1–17.Probiotics，prebiotics，and the host microbiome：the science of translation.
[207] Prentice，A.M.，Am J Clin Nutr（May 2014）；99（5 Suppl）：1212S–16S.Dairy products in global public health.
[208] Silventoinen，K.，Twin Res（Oct 2003）；6（5）：399–408.Heritability of adult body height：a comparative study of twin cohorts in eight countries.
[209] Wood，A.R.，Nat Genet（5 Oct 2014）；doi：10.1038/ng.3097.Defning the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height.
[210] Floud，R.，The Changing Body：New Approaches to Economic and Social History（Cambridge University Press，2011）
[211] http：//www.ers.usda.gov/media/1118789/err149.pdf
[212] Quigley，L.，J Dairy Sci（Aug 2013）；96（8）：4928–37.The microbial content of raw and pasteurized cow’s milk as determined by molecular approaches.
[213] Pottenger，F.M.，Pottenger’s Cats：A Study in Nutrition（Price Pottenger Nutrition，1995）
[214] Scher，J.U.，eLife（Nov 2013）；5；2：e01202.Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis.
第十章 碳水化合物：糖类
[215] http：//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/netherlands/10314705/Sugar-is-addictive-and-the-most-dangerous-drugof-the-times.html
[216] Locke，A.E.，Nature（12 Feb 2015）；518（7538）：197-206.Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology.
[217] Qi，Q.，N Engl J Med（11 Oct 2012）；367（15）：1387–96.Sugar-sweetened beverages and genetic risk of obesity.
[218] Keskitalo，K.，Am J Clin Nutr（Aug 2008）；88（2）：263–71.The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire，body mass index，and responses to sweet and salty fatty foods：a twin study of genetic and environmental associations.
[219] Keskitalo，K.，Am J Clin Nutr（Dec 2007）；86（6）：1663–9.Same genetic components underlie different measures of sweet taste preference.
[220] http：//www.who.int/nutrition/sugars_public_consultation/en/
[221] Yudkin，J.，Pure，White and Deadly，reissue edn（Penguin，2012）
[222] Wilska，A.，Duodecim（1947）；63：449–510.Sugar caries–the most prevalent disease of our century.
[223] Sheiham，A.，Int J Epidemiol（Jun 1984）；13（2）：142–7.Changing trends in dental caries.
[224] Birkeland，J.M.，Caries Res（Mar–Apr 2000）；34（2）：109–16.Some factors associated with the caries decline among Norwegian children and adolescents：age-specific and cohort analyses.
[225] Masadeh，M.，J Clin Med Res（2013）；5.5：389–94.Antimicrobial activity of common mouthwash solutions on multidrug-resistance bacterial biofilms.
[226] Kapil，V.，Free Radic Biol Med（Feb 2013）；55：93–100.Physiological role for nitrate-reducing oral bacteria in blood pressure control.
[227] Fine，D.H.，Infect Immun（May 2013）；81（5）：1596–605.A lactotransferrin single nucleotide polymorphism demonstrates biological activity that can reduce susceptibility to caries.
[228] Holz，C.，Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins（2013）；5：259–63.Lactobacillus paracasei DSMZ16671 reduces mutans streptococci：a short-term pilot study.
[229] Teanpaisan，R.，Clin Oral Investig（Apr 2014）；18（3）：857–62.Lactobacillus paracasei SD1，a novel probiotic，reduces mutans streptococci in human volunteers：a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
[230] Glavina，D.，Coll Antropol（Mar 2012）；36（1）：129–32.Effect of LGG yoghurt on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp.salivary counts in children.
[231] Marcenes，W.，J Dent Res（Jul 2013）；92（7）：592–7.Global burden of oral conditions in 1990–2010：a systematic analysis.
[232] Bernabé，E.，Am J Public Health（Jul 2014）；104（7）：e115–21.Age，period and cohort trends in caries of permanent teeth in four developed countries.
[233] Bray，G.A.，Am J Clin Nutr（2004）；79：537–43.Consumption of highfructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity.
[234] Ng，S.W.，Br J Nutr（Aug 2012）；108（3）：536–51.Patterns and trends of beverage consumption among children and adults in Great Britain，1986–2009.
[235] Bray，G.A.，Am J Clin Nutr（2004）；79：537–43.Consumption of highfructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity.
[236] Hu，F.B.，Physiol Behav（2010）；100：47–54.Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes：epidemiologic evidence.
[237] Mitsui，T.，J Sports Med Phys Fitness（Mar 2001）；41（1）：121–3.Colonic fermentation after ingestion of fructose-containing sports drink.
[238] Bergheim，I.，J Hepatol（Jun 2008）；48（6）：983–92.Antibiotics protect against fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice：role of endotoxin.
[239] Bray，G.A.，Diabetes Care（Apr 2014）；37（4）：950–6.Dietary sugar and body weight：have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes？：health be damned！Pour on the sugar.
[240] de Ruyter，J.C.，N Engl J Med（11 Oct 2012）；367（15）：1397–406.A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children.
[241] Sartorelli，D.S.，Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis（Feb 2009）；19（2）：77–83.Dietary fructose，fruits，fruit juices and glucose tolerance status in Japanese–Brazilians.
[242] van Buul，V.J.，Nutr Res Rev（Jun 2014）；27（1）：119–30.Misconceptions about fructose-containing sugars and their role in the obesity epidemic.
[243] Kahn，R.，Diabetes Care（Apr 2014）；37（4）：957–62.Dietary sugar and body weight：have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes？：we have，but the pox on sugar is overwrought and overworked.
[244] The Morenga，L.，BMJ（15 Jan 2012）；346：e7492.Dietary sugars and body weight：systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies.
[245] Sievenpiper，J.L.，Ann Intern Med（21 Feb 2012）；156：291–304.Effect of fructose on body weight in controlled feeding trials：a systematic review and meta-analysis.
[246] Kelishadi，R.，Nutrition（May 2014）；30：503–10.Association of fructose consumption and components of metabolic syndrome in human studies：a systematic review and meta-analysis.
第十一章 碳水化合物：非糖类
[247] Claesson，M.J.，Nature（9 Aug 2012）；488（7410）：178–84.Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly.
[248] van Tongeren，S.，Appl.Environ.Microbiol（2005）；71（10）：6438–42.Fecal microbiota composition and frailty.
[249] Friedman，M.，J Agric Food Chem（9 Oct 2013）；61（40）：9534–50.Anticarcinogenic，cardioprotective，and other health benefits of tomato compounds lycopene，α-tomatine，and tomatidine in pure form and in fresh and processed tomatoes.
[250] http：//www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2692758/Diet-guru-FreeLeeBanana-Girl-fire-controversial-views-claims-chemo-kills-losing-periodgood-you.html
[251] Mosley，M.，and Spencer，M.，The Fast Diet（Short Books，2013）
[252] Bao，Q.，Mol Cell Endocrinol（16 Jul 2014）；394（1–2）：115–18.Ageing and age-related diseases–from endocrine therapy to target therapy.
[253] Johnson，J.B.，Med Hypotheses（2006）；67：209–11.The effect on health of alternate day calorie restriction：eating less and more than needed on alternate days prolongs life.Vallejo，E.A.，Rev Clin Esp，63（1956）：25–7.La dieta de hambre a días alternos en la alimentación de los viejos.
[254] Nicholson，A.，Soc Sci Med（2009）；69（4）：519–28.Association between attendance at religious services and self-reported health in 22 European countries.Eslami，S.，Bioimpacts（2012）；2（4）：213–15.Annual fasting；the early calories restriction for cancer prevention.
[255] Carey，H.V.，Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol（1 Jan 2013）；304（1）：R33–42 Seasonal restructuring of the ground squirrel gut microbiota over the annual hibernation cycle.
[256] Costello，E.K.，ISME J（Nov 2010）；4（11）：1375–85.Postprandial remodelling of the gut microbiota in Burmese pythons.
[257] Zarrinpar，A.，Cell Metab（2 Dec 2014）；20（6）：1006–17.doi：10.1016/j.cmet.2014.11.008.Diet and feeding pattern affect the diurnal dynamics of the gut microbiome.
[258] Casazza，K.，N Engl J Med（31 Jan 2013）；368（5）：446-54.Myths，presumptions，and facts about obesity.
[259] Betts，J.A.，Am J Clin Nutr（4 Jun 2014）；100（2）：539–47.The causal role of breakfast in energy balance and health：a randomized controlled trial in lean adults.Dhurandhar，E.J.，Am J Clin Nutr，（4 Jun 2014）；100（2）：507–13.The effectiveness of breakfast recommendations on weight loss：a randomized controlled trial.
[260] de la Hunty，A.，Obes Facts（2013）；6（1）：70–85.Does regular breakfast cereal consumption help children and adolescents stay slimmer？A systematic review and meta-analysis.
[261] Brown，A.W.，Am J Clin Nutr（Nov 2013）；98（5）：1298–308.Belief beyond the evidence：using the proposed effect of breakfast on obesity to show two practices that distort scientifc evidence.
[262] Desai，A.V.，Twin Res（Dec 2004）；7（6）：589–95.Genetic influences in self-reported symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea and restless legs：a twin study.
[263] Shelton，H.，Hygienic systems，vol.II，Health Research.（Pomeroy，WA，1934）.
[264] Stote，K.S.，Am J Clin Nutr（Apr 2007）；85（4）：981–8.A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy，normalweight，middle-aged adults.
[265] Di Rienzi，S.C.，eLife（1 Oct 2013）；2：e01102.doi：10.7554/eLife.01102.The human gut and groundwater harbor non-photosynthetic bacteria belonging to a new candidate phylum sibling to Cyanobacteria.
[266] Watanabe，F.，Nutrients（5 May 2014）；6（5）：1861–73.Vitamin B12-containing plant food sources for vegetarians.
[267] Brown，M.J.，Am J Clin Nutr（2004）；80：396–403.Carotenoid bioavailability is higher from salads ingested with full-fat than with fat-reduced salad dressings as measured with electrochemical detection.
[268] Sonnenburg，E.D.，Cell Metab（20 Aug 2014）；pii：S1550-4131（14）00311-8.Starving our microbial self：the deleterious consequences of a diet defcient in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates.
[269] Wertz，A.E.，Cognition（Jan 2014）；130（1）：44–9.Tyme to touch：infants possess strategies that protect them from dangers posed by plants.
[270] Knaapila，A.，Physiol Behav（15 Aug 2007）；91（5）：573–8.Food neophobia shows heritable variation in humans.
第十二章 纤维素
[271] Anderson，J.C.，Am J Gastroenterol（Oct 2014）；109（10）：1650–2.Editorial：constipation and colorectal cancer risk：a continuing conundrum.
[272] Treapleton，D.E.，BMJ（19 Dec 2013）；347：f6879.Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease：systematic review and meta-analysis.
[273] Kim，Y.，Am J Epidemiol（15 Sep 2014）；180（6）：565–73.Dietary fiber intake and total mortality：a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
[274] Ties，F.，Br J Nutr（Oct 2014）；112 Suppl 2：S19–30.Oats and CVD risk markers：a systematic literature review.
[275] Musilova，S.，Benef Microbes（Sep 2014）；5（3）：273–83.Benefcial effects of human milk oligosaccharides on gut microbiota.
[276] Ukhanova，M.，Br J Nutr（28 Jun 2014）；111（12）：2146–52.Effects of almond and pistachio consumption on gut microbiota composition in a randomised cross-over human feeding study.
[277] Dunn，S.，Eur J Clin Nutr（Mar 2011）；65（3）：402–8.Validation of a food frequency questionnaire to measure intakes of inulin and oligofructose.
[278] Moshfegh，A.J.，J Nutr（1999）；129：1407S–11S.Presence of inulin and oligofructose in the diets of Americans.
[279] van Loo，J.，Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr（Nov 1995）；35（6）：525–52.On the presence of inulin and oligofructose as natural ingredients in the Western diet.
[280] Teucher，B.，Twin Res Hum Genet（Oct 2007）；10（5）：734–48.Dietary patterns and heritability of food choice in a UK female twin cohort.
[281] Williams，F.M.，BMC Musculoskelet Disord（8 Dec 2010）；11：280.Dietary garlic and hip osteoarthritis：evidence of a protective effect and putative mechanism of action.
[282] Lissiman，E.，Cochrane Database Syst Rev（11 Nov 2014）；11：CD006206.Garlic for the common cold；Josling P.，Advances in therapy（2001）；18（4）：189–93.Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement：a double-blind，placebo-controlled survey.
[283] Zeng，T.，J Sci Food Agric（2012）；92（9）：1892–1902.A meta-analysis of randomized，double-blind，placebo-controlled trials for the effects of garlic on serum lipid profile.
[284] O’Brien，C.L.，PLoS One（1 May 2013）；8（5）：e62815.Impact of colonoscopy bowel preparation on intestinal microbiota.
[285] Kellow，N.J.，Br J Nutr（14 Apr 2014）；111（7）：1147–61.Metabolic benefits of dietary prebiotics in human subjects：a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.
[286] Dewulf，E.M.，Gut（Aug 2013）；62（8）：1112–21.Insight into the prebiotic concept：lessons from an exploratory，double-blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women.
[287] Salazar，N.，Clin Nutr（11 Jun 2014）；pii：S0261-5614（14）00159-9.doi：10.1016/j.clnu.2014.06.001.Inulin-type fructans modulate intestinal Bifdobacteria species populations and decrease fecal short-chain fatty acids in obese women.
[288] http：//www.jigsawhealth.com/supplements/butyrex
[289] Davis，W.，Wheat Belly（Rodale，2011）
[290] Murray，J.，Am J Clin Nutr（2004）；79（4）669–73.Effect of a gluten-free diet on gastrointestinal symptoms in celiac disease.
[291] Perry，G.H.，Nature Genetics（2007）；39：1256–60.Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation.
[292] Falchi，M.，Nature Genetics（May 2014）；46（5）：492–7.Low copy number of the salivary amylase gene predisposes to obesity.
[293] Staudacher，H.M.，Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol（Apr 2014）；11（4）：256–66.Mechanisms and efficacy of dietary FODMAP restriction in IBS.
第十三章 人工甜味剂和防腐剂
[294] Di Salle，F.，Gastroenterology（Sep 2013）；145（3）：537–9.Effect of carbonation on brain processing of sweet stimuli in humans.
[295] de Ruyter，J.C.，N Engl J Med（11 Oct 2012）；367（15）：1397–406.A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children.
[296] de Ruyter，J.C.，PLoS One（22 Oct 2013）；8（10）：e78039.The effect of sugar-free versus sugar-sweetened beverages on satiety，liking and wanting：an 18-month randomized double-blind trial in children.
[297] Nettleton，J.A.，Diabetes Care（2009）；32（4）：688–94.Diet soda intake and risk of incident metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes in the MultiEthnic Study of Atherosclerosis（MESA）.
[298] Lutsey，P.L.，Circulation（12 Feb 2008）；117（6）：754–61.Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome：the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.
[299] Hill，S.E.，Appetite（13 Aug 2014）；pii：S0195-6663（14）00400-0.The effect of non-caloric sweeteners on cognition，choice，and post-consumption satisfaction.
[300] Bornet，F.J.，Appetite（2007）；49（3）：535–53.Glycaemic response to foods.Impact on satiety and long-term weight regulation.
[301] Schiffman，S.S.，J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev（2013）；16（7）：399–451.Sucralose，a synthetic organochlorine sweetener：overview of biological issues.
[302] Green，E.，Physiol Behav（5 Nov 2012）；107（4）：560–7.Altered processing of sweet taste in the brain of diet soda drinkers.
[303] Pepino，M.Y.，Diabetes Care（2013）；36：2530–5.Sucralose affects glycemic and hormonal responses to an oral glucose load.
[304] Abou-Donia，M.B.，J Toxicol Environ Health A（2008）；71（21）：1415–29.Splenda alters gut microflora and increases intestinal p-glycoprotein and cytochrome p-450 in male rats.
[305] Wu，G.D.，Science（7 Oct 2011）；334（6052）：105–8.Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes.
[306] Gostner，J.，Curr Pharm Des（2014）；20（6）：840–9.Immunoregulatory impact of food antioxidants.
第十四章 可可和咖啡因
[307] Shin，S.Y.，Nat Genet（Jun 2014）；46（6）：543–50.An atlas of genetic influences on human blood metabolites.
[308] Mayer，E.A.，J Neurosci（2014），34（46）：15490–6.Gut microbes and the brain：paradigm shift in neuroscience.
[309] Ellam，S.，Ann Rev Nutr（2013）；33：105–28.Cocoa and human health.
[310] Stafford，L.D.，Chem Senses（Mar 13 2015）；bj007，pii.Obese individuals have higher preference and sensitivity to odor of chocolates.
[311] Ellam，S.，Ann Rev Nutr（2013）；33：105–28.Cocoa and human health
[312] Golomb，B.A.，Arch Intern Med（26 Mar 2012）；172（6）：519–21.Association between more frequent chocolate consumption and lower body mass index.
[313] Khan，N.，Nutrients（21 Feb 2014）；6（2）：844–80.doi：10.3390/nu6020844.Cocoa polyphenols and inflammatory markers of cardiovascular disease.
[314] Jennings，A.，J Nutr（Feb 2014）；144（2）：202–8.Intakes of anthocyanins and flavones are associated with biomarkers of insulin resistance and inflammation in women.
[315] Tzounis，X.，Am J Clin Nutr（Jan 2011）；93（1）：62–72.Prebiotic evaluation of cocoa-derived flavanols in healthy humans by using a randomized，controlled，double-blind，crossover intervention study.
[316] http：//www.cocoavia.com/how-do-i-use-it/ingredients-nutritional-information
[317] Martin，F.P.，J Proteome Res（7 Dec 2012）；11（12）：6252–63.Specific dietary preferences are linked to differing gut microbial metabolic activity in response to dark chocolate intake.
[318] Esser，D.，FASEB J（Mar 2014）；28（3）：1464–73.Dark chocolate consumption improves leukocyte adhesion factors and vascular function in overweight men.
[319] Moco，S.，J Proteome Res（5 Oct 2012）；11（10）：4781–90.Metabolomics view on gut microbiome modulation by polyphenol-rich foods.
[320] Langer，S.，J Agric Food Chem（10 Aug 2011）；59（15）：8435–41.Flavanols and methylxanthines in commercially available dark chocolate：a study of the correlation with non-fat cocoa solids.
[321] Zhang，C.，Eur J Epidemiol（30 Oct 2014）；Tea consumption and risk of cardiovascular outcomes and total mortality：a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.
[322] Ludwig，I.A.，Food Funct（Aug 2014）；5（8）：1718–26.Variations in caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents of coffees：what are we drinking？
[323] Crippa，A.，Am J Epidemiol（24 Aug 2014）；pii：kwu194.Coffee consumption and mortality from all causes，cardiovascular disease，and cancer：a dose-response meta-analysis.
[324] Denoeud，F.，Science（2014）；345：1181–4.The coffee genome provides insight into the convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis.
[325] http：//www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3027/How-healthy-cup-coffee.html
[326] Teucher，B.，Twin Res Hum Genet（Oct 2007）；10（5）：734–48.Dietary patterns and heritability of food choice in a UK female twin cohort.
[327] Amin，N.，Mol Psychiatry（Nov 2012）；17（11）：1116–29.Genome-wide association analysis of coffee drinking suggests association with CYP1A1/CYP1A2 and NRCAM.
[328] Coelho，C.，J Agric Food Chem（6 Aug 2014）；62（31）：7843–53.Nature of phenolic compounds in coffee melanoidins.
[329] Gniechwitz，D.，J Agric Food Chem（22 Aug 2007）；55（17）：6989–96.Dietary fiber from coffee beverage：degradation by human fecal microbiota.
[330] Vinson，J.A.，Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes（2012）；5：21–7.Randomized，double-blind，placebo-controlled，linear dose，crossover study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a green coffee bean extract in overweight subjects.
第十五章 酒精饮料
[331] Rehm，J.，Lancet（26 Apr 2014）；383（9927）：1440–2.Russia：lessons for alcohol epidemiology and alcohol policy.
[332] Spector，T.，Identically Different（Weidenfeld&Nicolson，2012）
[333] Peng，Y.，BMC Evol Biol（20 Jan 2010）；10：15.The ADH1B Arg47His polymorphism in east Asian populations and expansion of rice domestication in history.
[334] Criqui，M.H.，Lancet（1994）；344；1719-23.Does diet or alcohol explain the French paradox？
[335] Di Castelnuovo，A.，Arch Intern Med（11–25 Dec 2006）；166（22）：2437–45.Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women：an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies.
[336] Chawla，R.，BMJ（4 Dec 2004）；329（7478）：1308.Regular drinking might explain the French paradox.
[337] Spitaels，F.，PLoS One（18 Apr 2014）；9（4）：e95384.The microbial diversity of traditional spontaneously fermented lambic beer.
[338] Vang，O.，Ann NY Acad Sci（Jul 2013）；1290：1–11.What is new for resveratrol？Is a new set of recommendations necessary？
[339] Tang，P.C.，Pharmacol Res（22 Aug 2014）；pii：S1043-6618（14）00138-8.Resveratrol and cardiovascular health–Promising therapeutic or hopeless illusion？
[340] Wu，G.D.，Science（7 Oct 2011）；334（6052）：105–8.Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes.
[341] Queipo-Ortuño，M.I.，Am J Clin Nutr（Jun 2012）；95（6）：1323–34.Influence of red wine polyphenols and ethanol on the gut microbiota ecology and biochemical biomarkers.
[342] Chiva-Blanch，G.，Alcohol（May–Jun 2013）；48（3）：270–7.Effects of wine，alcohol and polyphenols on cardiovascular disease risk factors：evidence from human studies.
[343] Bala，S.，PLoS One（14 May 2014）；9（5）.Acute binge drinking increases serum endotoxin and bacterial DNA levels in healthy individuals.
[344] Blednov，Y.A.，Brain Behav Immun（Jun 2011）；25 Suppl 1：S92–S105.Activation of inflammatory signaling by lipopolysaccharide produces a prolonged increase of voluntary alcohol intake in mice.
[345] Knott，C.S.，BMJ（2015）；350：h384.All-cause mortality and the case for age-specif c consumption guidelines.
[346] Ferrari，P.，Eur J Clin Nutr（Dec 2012）；66（12）：1303–8.Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase gene polymorphisms，alcohol intake and the risk of colorectal cancer in the EPIC study.
[347] Holmes，M.V.，BMJ（2014）；349：g4164.Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease：Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data.
第十六章 维生素
[348] Goto，Y.，Immunity（17 Apr 2014）；40（4）：594–607.Segmented f lamentous bacteria antigens presented by intestinal dendritic cells drive mucosal T 17 cell differentiation.
[349] Rimm，E.B.，N Engl J Med（20 May 1993）；328（20）：1450–6.Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men.
[350] Lippman，S.M.，JAMA（2009）；301（1）：39–51.Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers.
[351] Guallar，E.，Ann Intern Med（17 Dec 2013）；159（12）：850–1.Enough is enough：Stop wasting money on vitamin and mineral supplements.
[352] Bjelakovic，G.，Cochrane Database Syst Rev（14 Mar 2012）；3：CD007176.Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases.
[353] Risk and Prevention Study Collaborative Group，N Engl J Med（9 May 2013）；368（19）：1800–8.n-3.Fatty acids in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors.
[354] Qin，X.，Int J Cancer（1 Sep 2013）；133（5）：1033–41.Folic acid supplementation and cancer risk：a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
[355] Burdge，G.C.，Br J Nutr（14 Dec 2012）；108（11）：1924–30.Folic acid supplementation in pregnancy：Are there devils in the detail？
[356] Qin，X.，Clin Nutr（Aug 2014）；33（4）：603–12.Folic acid supplementation with and without vitamin B6 and revascularization risk：a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
[357] Murto，T.，Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand（Jan 2015）；94（1）：65–71.Folic acid supplementation and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase（MTHFR）gene variations in relation to in vitro fertilization pregnancy outcome.
[358] Huang，Y.，Int J Mol Sci（14 Apr 2014）；15（4）：6298–313.Maternal high folic acid supplement promotes glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in male mouse off spring fed a high-fat diet.
[359] Clarke，J.D.，Pharmacol Res（Nov 2011）；64（5）：456-63.Bioavailability and inter-conversion of sulforaphane and erucin in human subjects consuming broccoli sprouts or broccoli supplement in a cross-over study design.
[360] Bolland，M.J.，J Bone Miner Res（11 Sep 2014）；doi：10.1002/jbmr.2357.Calcium supplements increase risk of myocardial infarction.
[361] Moyer，V.A.，Ann Intern Med（2013）；158（9）：691–6.Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures in adults：U.S.preventive services task force recommendation statement.
[362] Chang，Y.M.，Int J Epidemiol（Jun 2009）；38（3）：814–30.Sun exposure and melanoma risk at diff erent latitudes：a pooled analysis of 5700 cases and 7216 controls.
[363] Bataille，V.，Med Hypotheses（Nov 2013）；81（5）：846–50.Melanoma.Shall we move away from the sun and focus more on embryogenesis，body weight and longevity？
[364] Gandini，S.，PLoS One（2013）；8（11）：e78820.Sunny holidays before and after melanoma diagnosis are respectively associated with lower Breslow thickness and lower relapse rates in Italy.
[365] Hunter，D.，J Bone Miner Res（Nov 2000）；15（11）：2276–83.A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation on preventing postmenopausal bone loss and modifying bone metabolism using identical twin pairs.
[366] Schöttker，B.，BMJ（17 Jun 2014）；348：g3656.doi：10.1136/bmj.g3656.Vitamin D and mortality：meta-analysis of individual participant data from a large consortium of cohort studies from Europe and the United States.
[367] Bjelakovic，G.，Cochrane Database Syst Rev（10 Jan 2014）；1：CD007470.Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality.
[368] Bjelakovic，G.，Cochrane Database Syst Rev（23 Jun 2014）；6：CD007469.doi：10.1002/14651858.CD007469.pub2.Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults.
[369] Afzal，S.，BMJ（18 Nov 2014）；349：g6330.doi：10.1136/bmj.g6330.Genetically low vitamin D concentrations and increased mortality：Mendelian randomisation analysis in three large cohorts.
[370] Age-related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group，JAMA（15 May 2013）；309（19）：2005–15.Lutein+zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration：the Age-related Eye Disease Study 2（AREDS2）randomized clinical trial.
[371] Degnan，P.H.，Cell Metab（4 Nov 2014）；20（5）：769–74.Vitamin B12 as a modulator of gut microbial ecology.
第十七章 当心：可能含有抗生素
[372] Shapiro，D.J.，J Antimicrob Chemother（25 Jul 2013）；Antibiotic prescribing for adults in ambulatory care in the USA，2007–09.
[373] Hicks，L.，N Engl J Med（2013）；368；1461–2.U.S.outpatient antibiotic prescribing，2010
[374] Garrido，D.，Microbiology（Apr 2013）；159（Pt 4）：649–64.Consumption of human milk glycoconjugates by infant-associated bifidobacteria：mechanisms and implications.
[375] Baaqeel，H.，BJOG（May 2013）；120（6）：661–9.doi：10.1111/1471-0528.12036.Timing of administration of prophylactic antibiotics for caesarean section：a systematic review and meta-analysis.
[376] Kozhimannil，K.B.，PLoS Med（21 Oct 2014）；11（10）：e1001745.Maternal clinical diagnoses and hospital variation in the risk of Cesarean delivery：analyses of a national US hospital discharge database.
[377] Kozhimannil，K.B.，Health Aff（Millwood）（Mar 2013）；32（3）：527–35.Cesarean delivery rates vary tenfold among US hospitals；reducing variation may address quality and cost issues.
[378] Zhang，J.，Obstet Gynecol（2008）；111：1077–82.Cesarean delivery on maternal request in Southeast China.
[379] Dominguez-Bello，M.，Proc Natl Acad Sci USA（29 Jun 2010）；107（26）：11971–5.Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns.
[380] Grönlund，M.M.，J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr（1999）；28：19–25.Fecal microflora in healthy infants born by different methods of delivery：Permanent changes in intestinal flora after Cesarean delivery.
[381] Cho，C.E.，Am J Obstet Gynecol（Apr 2013）；208（4）：249–54.Cesarean section and development of the immune system in the offspring.
[382] Tavagnanam，S.，Clin Exp Allergy（Apr 2008）；38（4）：629–33.A meta-analysis of the association between caesarean section and childhood asthma.
[383] Gough，E.K.，BMJ（15 Apr 2014）；348：g2267.The impact of antibiotics on growth in children in low and middle income countries：systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
[384] Blaser，M.，Missing Microbes（Henry Holt，2014）
[385] http：//www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
[386] Trasande，L.，Int J Obes（Jan 2013）；37（1）：16–23.Infant antibiotic exposures and early-life body mass.
[387] Ajslev，T.A.，Int J Obes（2011）；35：522–9.Childhood overweight after establishment of the gut microbiota：the role of delivery mode，prepregnancy weight and early administration of antibiotics.
[388] Bailey，L.C.，JAMA Pediatr（29 Sep 2014）；doi：10.1001/jamapediatrics.Association of antibiotics in infancy with early childhood obesity.
[389] Blaser，M.，Nat Rev Microbiol（Mar 2013）；11（3）：213–17.The microbiome explored：recent insights and future challenges.
[390] Darmasseelane，K.，PLoS One（2014）；9（2）：e87896.doi：10.1371.Mode of delivery and off spring body mass index，overweight and obesity in adult life：a systematic review and meta-analysis.
[391] http：//www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/12/news-update-farm-animalsget-80-of-antibiotics-sold-in-us/
[392] Visek，W.J.，J Animal Sciences（1978）；46；1447–69.The mode of growth promotion by antibiotics.
[393] Pollan，M.，The Omnivore’s Dilemma（Bloomsbury，2007）
[394] http：//www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2014/06/illegal_antibiotics_found_on_f/
[395] Burridge，L.，Aquaculture（2010）；Elsevier BV 306（1–4）：7–23 Chemical use in salmon aquaculture：a review of current practices and possible environmental effects.
[396] Karthikeyan，K.G.，Sci Total Environ（15 May 2006）；361（1–3）.Occurrence of antibiotics in wastewater treatment facilities in Wisconsin，USA.
[397] Jiang，L.，Sci Total Environ（1 Aug 2013）；458–460：267–72.doi.Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and their relationship with antibiotics in the Huangpu River and the drinking water sources，Shanghai，China.
[398] Huerta，B.，Sci Total Environ（1 Jul 2013）；456–7：161–70.Exploring the links between antibiotic occurrence，antibiotic resistance，and bacterial communities in water supply reservoirs.
[399] Falcone-Dias，M.F.，Water Res（Jul 2012）；46（11）：3612–22.Bottled mineral water as a potential source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
[400] Blaser，M.，Missing Microbes（Henry Holt，2014）
[401] Gendrin，M.，Nature Communications（6 Jan 2015）；6：592.Antibiotics in ingested human blood affect the mosquito microbiota and capacity to transmit malaria.
[402] Goldenberg，J.Z.，Cochrane Database Syst Rev（31 May 2013）；5：CD006095.Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difcileassociated diarrhea in adults and children.
[403] http：//www.britishgut.org and http：//www.americangut.org
第十八章 当心：可能含有坚果
[404] http：//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2724684/Nut-allergy-girl-went-anaphylactic-shock-plane-passenger-ignored-three-warnings-not-eat-nutsboard.html
[405] Vinson，J.A.，Food Funct（Feb 2012）；3（2）：134–40.Nuts，especially walnuts，have both anti-oxidant quantity and efficacy and exhibit significant potential health benefits.
[406] Bes-Rastrollo，M.，Am J Clin Nutr（2009）；89：1913–19.Prospective study of nut consumption，long-term weight change，and obesity risk in women.
[407] Estruch，R.，N Engl J Med（4 Apr 2013）；368（14）：1279–90.
[408] Schloss，O.，Arch Paed（1912）；29：219.A case of food allergy.
[409] Golbert，T.M.，J Allergy（Aug 1969）；44（2）：96–107.Systemic allergic reactions to ingested antigens.
[410] West，C.E.，Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care（May 2014）；17（3）：261–6.Gut microbiota and allergic disease：new findings.
[411] Du Toit，G.，J Allergy Clin Immunol（Nov 2008）；122（5）：984–91.Early consumption of peanuts in infancy is associated with a low prevalence of peanut allergy.
[412] Storrø，O.，Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol（Jun 2013）；13（3）：257–62.Diversity of intestinal microbiota in infancy and the risk of allergic disease in childhood.
[413] Ismail，I.H.，Pediatr Allergy Immunol（Nov 2012）；23（7）：674–81.Reduced gut microbial diversity in early life is associated with later development of eczema.
[414] Marrs，T.，Pediatr Allergy Immunol（Jun 2013）；24（4）：311–20.e8.Is there an association between microbial exposure and food allergy？A systematic review.
[415] Hesselmar，B.，Pediatrics（Jun 2013）；131（6）：e1829–37.Pacifer cleaning practices and risk of allergy development.
[416] Strachan，D.P.，BMJ（1989）；299：1259–60.Hay fever，hygiene，and household size.
[417] Holbreich，M.，J Allergy Clin Immunol（Jun 2012）；129（6）：1671–3.Amish children living in northern Indiana have a very low prevalence of allergic sensitization.
[418] Zupancic，M.L.，PLoS One（2012）；7（8）：e43052.Analysis of the gut microbiota in the Old Order Amish and its relation to the metabolic syndrome.
[419] Roederer，M.，Cell（2015）；The genetic architecture of the human immune system.
[420] Schaub，B.，J Allergy Clin Immunol（Jun 2008）；121（6）：1491–9，1499.e-13.Impairment of T-regulatory cells in cord blood of atopic mothers.
[421] Smith，P.M.，Science（2013）；341；6145：569–73.The microbial metabolites，short-chain fatty acids，regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis.
[422] Hansen，C.H.，Gut Microbes（May–Jun 2013）；4（3）：241–5.Customizing laboratory mice by modifying gut microbiota and host immunity in an early‘window of opportunity’.
[423] Wells，A.D.，Int Immunopharmacol（31 Jul 2014）；pii：S1567–9.Influence of farming exposure on the development of asthma and asthma-like symptoms.
[424] Heinritz，S.N.，Nutr Res Rev（Dec 2013）；26（2）：191–209.Use of pigs as a potential model for research into dietary modulation of the human gut microbiota.
[425] Song，S.J.，eLife（16 Apr 2013）；2：e00458.Cohabiting family members share microbiota with one another and with their dogs.
第十九章 保质期
[426] Gormley，F.，J Epidemiol Infect（May 2011）；139（5）：688–99.A 17-year review of food-borne outbreaks：describing the continuing decline in England and Wales（1992–2008）.
[427] Lyon，R.C.，J Pharm Sci（2006）；95：1549–60.Stability profiles of drug products extended beyond labelled expiration dates.
[428] Khan，S.R.，J Pharm Sci（May 2014）；103（5）：1331–6.United States Food and Drug Administration and Department of Defense shelf-life extension program of pharmaceutical products：progress and promise.
结语：盘点
[429] http：//www.britishgut.org and http：//www.americangut.org
[430] Youngster，I.，JAMA（5 Nov 2014）；312（17）：1772–8.Oral，capsulized，frozen，fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing Clostridium difcile infection.
[431] http：//www.openbiome.org/practitioner-map/
[432] Alang，N.，OFID.2015.http：//ofd.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/1/ofv004.full.pdf+html.Weight gain after Fecal Microbial Transplant；http：//www.scientifcamerican.com/article/fecal-transplants-may-up-risk-of-obesity-onset/
[433] Charakida，M.，Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol（Aug 2014）；2（8）：648–54.Lifelong patterns of BMI and cardiovascular phenotype in individuals aged 60–64 years in the 1946 British birth cohort study：an epidemiological study.
[434] Everard，A.，Proc Natl Acad Sci（28 May 2013）；110（22）：9066–71.Crosstalk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity.
[435] Zimmermann，A.，Microbial Cell（2014）；1（5）：150–3.When less is more：hormesis against stress and disease.
[436] Lang，J.M.，PeerJ（9 Dec 2014）；https：//peerj.com/articles/659/.The microbes we eat：abundance and taxonomy of microbes consumed in a day’s worth of meals for three diet